NEW RESOURCE!!

Are you tired of people named "Chastity Sweetlips" or "Obadiah Cockswinger"? Do you want a source of REAL names for Elizabethan England?

Here it is! Based on new studies of Elizabethan naming practices, Faire Names for English Folk is the most complete easy-to-use guide to choosing a historical Elizabethan name for your Faire character.

Read it, use it, and pass it on! (Please read the copyright notice at the end.)

If you were born in Elizabethan England, you would be named by your parents when you were baptized. Usually this was just a few days after your birth It was not, however, your parents who actually presented you at the church; it was your godparents: ideally, two women and a man if you were a girl, two men and a woman if you were a boy. It was very common for parents to try to get godparents who were higher in social status than themselves, such as local nobles or prominent people in town. Many parents also asked the baby's grandparents, aunts or uncles to serve as godparents.

One reason the choice of godparents was important is that you would most likely be named after one of them. According to Scott Smith-Bannister's recent study (see Sources section for references) about 75% to 85% of children were given the name of a godparent, in the cases where we know both the children's and the godparents' names.

His data also show that if you were not named for a godparent, you would probably be named after a parent or another close relative. You were especially likely to get the name of a particular godparent or relative if they had a lot of money or status. You and the person you were named after were referred to as "namesakes." Thus, parents clearly did choose a child's name with care, but usually only a few names were possible, or considered, for any one child.
 

Your first name, the one given to you at baptism, was your "Christian name" or "given name." It remained the same all your life, though you might, of course, go by a nickname (Molly for Mary, Tom for Thomas).

An Elizabethan character would NOT use what we now call a "middle name," which is essentially an extra given name (as in Katherine Anne Cox or John Francis Ferrer). Double given names were slowly spreading on the Continent, but the custom had not yet reached England, and in fact did not become really common in English-speaking countries until much later, as late as the 19th century in places. We know of literally only a couple of dozen cases in all of Elizabethan England (before 1600), and most of them are among the nobles or people who were born abroad, such as Jane Sybilla Grey, who was born in France.
 

As for last names, the most common type was the kind we use now, a surname or family name inherited from your father; if he was Edward Langley, you would be Mary Langley.

Interestingly, your last name was not quite as fixed as your first name. For instance, occasionally a family name might change. (As with many naming customs, money or status was often involved.) The family of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, was originally named Sutton; when they acquired the Dudley lands and title, most family members began using Dudley as their surname. The change was not quite complete in Robert's generation, and he was sometimes referred to as "Robert Duddeley alias Sutton".

You might also be better known, especially in your local village, by a "byname" than by an inherited surname. A baker named Jeremy Staple might be known as Jeremy Baker or Master Baker rather than Master Staple. In some cases this might be passed on to his children and become the new family surname. Or if there were several Jeremys in the area and one was especially tall, short, red-haired, disabled, etc., or came originally from elsewhere, he might be called Jeremy Little, Lame Jeremy, or Jeremy Bristol.
 

In the twentieth century we draw given names from an unusually large "name pool." A name pool is a list or concept of what members of the culture feel are appropriate things to name people. For instance, we would probably accept that Alisha or Devin or Jothan or LaShalla are "names." But while "moon" and "unit" are perfectly okay English words, Moon Unit Zappa doesn't seem like a person's name to us; these words are not in our name pool.

The Elizabethan pool of given names was MUCH smaller than ours. There were only about 30 to 40 common names in circulation for each gender, with perhaps another 100 or so that you would run across from time to time. According to Janell Lovelace's statistics, eventy percent of all women were named Elizabeth, Joan, Margaret, Anne, Alice, Agnes, Mary, Jane or Katherine. More than one out of every four men was named John, and 70% of all men were named John, Thomas, William, Richard, or Robert.

The name pool for surnames was much larger. This booklet lists over 1,000 surnames and is by no means comprehensive. One reason is that while given names traditionally came mainly from a limited number of popular European saints, surnames come from a much greater variety of sources: place names (Nottingham, Boston), occupations (Chandler, Osteller), a father's or ancestor's given name (Philips, Johnson), or other bynames (Cristemas, Prowd, White).
 

People sometimes get the impression that Biblical and "virtue" names were common in England at this time, especially among Puritans. This is only partly true. Smith-Bannister's study shows that a few names from the Bible, like Mary, John, Elizabeth and Thomas, were indeed common, and had been so for generations. And Charity and Grace do make it into his top 50 women's names. But the more exotic names, like Bathsheba or Ezra, and most of the "virtue" names like Prudence or Reformation, were not much thought of until the 1630s and 1640s -- two generations after Queen Elizabeth. And Smith-Bannister's studies of individual counties show that even in the most heavily Puritan districts, only about one out of six children was given either of these types of names.
 

The list of the most common men's given names in England stayed pretty nearly constant from the 1530s through 1700, especially the top four or five names, though the exact order changed a bit. It's notable how dominant the top few names are; the top five names account for 70% of all men studied. The figures from Janell Lovelace are:

• John . . . 29%
• Thomas . . .14%
• William . . .14%
• Richard . . . 7%
• Robert . . . 6%
• Henry . . . 3%
• Nicholas . . . 3%
• Edward . . . 2%
• Walter . . . 2%

The top 50 men's names listed by Scott Smith-Bannister for the 1560s and 1570s (a larger sample, with a more specific date ocus) follow this trend fairly well. Reading down from the first column, in order from most common to least, they are:
 

John	Nicholas	Leonard	Samuel	Arthur
Thomas	Ralph	Martin	Allen	David
William	Christopher	Simon	Charles	Fulke
Robert	Anthony	Peter	Alexander	Luke
Richard	Matthew	Philip	Gregory	Mathias
Henry	Edmund	Stephen	Nathaniel	Tobias
George	Walter	Lawrence	Abraham	Isaac
Edward	Hugh	Roger	Barnaby	Jerome
James	Andrew	Daniel	Geoffrey	Joseph
Francis	Humphrey	Michael	Reynold	Rowland

Some additional, slightly less popular names are:
 

Adam	Bartholomew	Gerard	Lancelot	Oswyn
Adrian	Benedict	Gilbert	Mark	Piers
Ambrose	Bernard	Giles	Miles	Solomon
Avery	Cuthbert	Julian	Oliver	Valentine

The top five to ten women's given names are somewhat more variable from decade to decade, and not quite so dominant. It takes nine names rather than five to account for 70% of all women studied, and Elizabeth, the most common women's name, is only about half as common as John is for men. The figures from Janell Lovelace are:

• Elizabeth . . . 15%
• Joan . . . 12%
• Margaret . . . 11%
• Anne . . . 9%
• Alice . . . 8%
• Agnes . . . 6%
• Isabel . . . 4%
• Katherine . . . 3%
• Mary . . . 3%
• Jane . . . 3%
• Margery . . . 2%

Some additional, slightly less common names are:

Ruth	Constance	Florence	Maria	Parnell
Wilmot	Denise	Josian	Maud	Rebecca
Christina	Ellen	Lettice	Mildred	Winifred

I have edited Janell Lovelace's list of surnames with an eye towards Faire. Some of the spellings have been modernized so the names are recognizable, and so that it's clear how to pronounce them, since names at Faire are more often spoken than written. I've removed duplicates, and a few names have been dropped because they have very strong associations with one or more famous people from Elizabeth's reign -- a theatrical decision, not a historical one. There are still over 1,000 to choose from:    (or you can skip this long table.)
 

Abell	Charlis	Fitton	Lond	Saynsbery
Abery	Chase	Gage	London	Scarclyf
Acworth	Chatwyn	Galey	Long	Scollfyld
Adams	Chauncey	Garard	Longton	Scot
Alard	Chaundeler	Gardyner	Lovell	Scrogs
Albyn	Cheberell	Gare	Loveney	Scrope
Aldebourne	Chechester	Garneys	Loveryk	Sedley
Alfraye	Cheddar	Garret	Lowe	Sedlow
Alikok	Chelde	Gascoigne	Lowthe	Seger
Alington	Chelseye	Gasper	Lucy	Selwyn
Alleine	Chernocke	Gavell	Ludsthorp	Sencler
Amcottes	Chester	Gaynesford	Luke	Sentjohn
Amondesham	Chetwoode	Geddyng	Lumbarde	Serche
Andrews	Cheyne	Geffray	Lupton	Sever
Annesley	Child	George	Lyfelde	Seymour
Ansty	Chowne	Gerard	Lymsey	Seyntaubyn
Archer	Chudderle	Gerville	Lynde	Seys
Ardalle	Churmound	Geste	Lyon	Sharman
Arderne	Chylton	Gibbs	Lyrypine	Shawe
Argentein	Chyrche	Gifford	Lysle	Sheffeld
Arnold	Claimond	Gilbert	Lytcott	Sheraton
Arthur	Clarell	Ginter	Lyttleburye	Sherbourne
Asger	Clark	Glenham	Lytton	Sherman
Ashenhurst	Clavell	Glennon	Lyveryche	Shevington
Ashtor	Claybrook	Glover	Makepiece	Shingleton
Askew	Cleffort	Goberd	Malemayns	Shipwash
Asplyn	Clement	Goddam	Malster	Shiveley
Assheby	Clerk	Godfrey	Maltoun	Shorditch
Assheton	Clifton	Golde	Malyns	Shosmyth
Astley	Clitherow	Golding	Manfield	Shotbolt
Atherton	Clopton	Goldwell	Manston	Shylton
Atkinson	Clyfford	Gomersall	Mapilton	Sibill
Atlee	Cobbe	Gomfrey	Marcheford	Silvester
Addicock	Cobham	Gonson	Mareys	Skipwith
Attilburgh	Coblegh	Good	Markeley	Sleford
Aubrey	Cockayne	Goodenouth	Marsham	Slyfield
Audeley	Cod	Goodere	Marten	Smith
Auldyngton	Codington	Goodluck	Mason	Snayth
Aumberden	Coffyn	Goodnestone	Massyngberde	Snell
Ayde	Coggeshall	Goodryke	Maudit	Snelling
Ayleward	Colard	Goodryngton	Mauntell	Sotton
Aylmer	Colby	Goodwyn	Maycot	Sparrow
Aynesworth	Cole	Goring	Maydestone	Spebynton
Ayshecombe	Colkins	Gorney	Mayne	Speir
Babham	Colmer	Gorste	Maynwaring	Spelman
Babyngton	Colt	Gosebourne	Mede	Spencer
Bacon	Complyn	Grafton	Medeley	Spetyll
Badby	Compton	Greenway	Merden	Spicer
Bailey	Conquest	Grene	Mereworth	Sprottle
Baker	Cooke	Grenefeld	Merstun	Sprunt
Balam	Coorthopp	Greville	Merton	Stace
Baldwin	Copinger	Grey	Metcalf	Stanbury
Ballard	Corbett	Grobbam	Michelgrove	Standon
Ballett	Corby	Grofhurst	Millys	Stanley
Bamard	Cosworth	Groston	Milsent	Stanwix
Barantyn	Cossale	Grove	Moland	Staple
Barber	Cosyngton	Grymbalde	Molyngton	Staunton
Bardolf	Cotton	Guildeforde	Molyns	Staverton
Baret	Coulthurst	Gyll	Monde	Stepney
Barfoot	Courtenay	Gysborne	Montacute	Stevyn
Barker	Covert	Gyttyns	Montagu	Stodeley
Barnes	Cowill	Hache	Moore	Stoke
Barre	Cox	Hackeman	More	Stokerton
Barrentyne	Crane	Haddock	Morecote	Stokes
Barstaple	Cranford	Haddon	Morley	Stokey
Bartelot	Crawley	Hadresham	Mortymer	Stokton
Barton	Crekett	Hakebourne	Moryet	Stocks
Basset	Cressy	Hale	Morys	Stone
Batherst	Crispe	Hall	Motesfont	Stoner
Battersby	Cristemas	Halley	Mowfurth	Stoughton
Battyl	Crocker	Halshan	Mugge	Strachleigh
Baynton	Crugge	Hambard	Mullens	Strader
Beauchamp	Cryppys	Hammer	Muston	Strangewayes
Beaumont	Cuddon	Hamond	Myddilton	Strelley
Beaurepaire	Culpeper	Hampden	Myllet	Strete
Bedell	Cunnyngham	Hancock	Mylner	Stubbe
Bedgbery	Curson	Hansart	Narbrige	Styles
Bedingfeld	Curteys	Harbird	Nash	Stylle
Beel	Daelyngridge	Harbotle	Neceham	Styward
Beer	Dagworth	Harcourt	Nele	Sulyard
Bekyngham	Dale	Hardy	Nevinson	Sumner
Bell	Dalison	Harewell	Newdegate	Swan
Bende	Damsell	Hargreve	Newman	Swetecok
Bennet	Danet	Harlakinden	Noke	Swetenham
Benthey	Danvers	Harleston	Norbury	Switte
Berdwell	Darcy	Harley	Norden	Symeon
Berecraft	Darley	Harpeden	Norrys	Symons
Beresford	Daubernoun	Harper	North	Tabard
Berkhead	Daunce	Harris	Northwoode	Tame
Bernard	Daundelyon	Harryses	Norton	Taylor
Bernewelt	Dauntesay	Harte	Norwich	Tedcastle
Berney	Davers	Harwood	Norwood	Theobauld
Berry	Davy	Hasard	Notfelde	Thomas
Berwyk	Dawne	Hatteclyff	Notyngham	Thornburgh
Best	Day	Haukesworth	Nysell	Thorne
Beton	Deacons	Hawkins	Obson	Thornton
Bettesthorne	Delabere	Hawtrey	Oke	Thorp
Bewforest	Delamere	Haye	Oken	Throkmorton
Bewley	Dely	Hayes	Oliver	Thursby
Bexley	Demoke	Hayton	Olyngworthe	Tibborde
Bigley	Dencourt	Helme	Osborne	Tilghman
Bilingford	Dene	Henshawe	Osteler	Tiploft
Bischoptree	Denton	Herleston	Osyllbury	Topsfield
Bishop	Denys	Heron	Outlawe	Torryngton
Bladwell	Dericote	Hertcombe	Oxenbrigg	Tothyll
Blakeley	Dering	Herwy	Page	Town
Blakewell	Deryngton	Hewes	Pagge	Tregonwell
Blaknall	Desford	Heydon	Palmer	Treningham
Blakwall	Digby	Heywood	Panshawe	Trenowyth
Blakwell	Dixton	Heyworth	Papley	Trevet
Blenerhayset	Doddle	Hicchecok	Parker	Trumpington
Blexham	Dogmersfield	Higate	Parret	Tubney
Blodwell	Donnet	Higden	Parris	Turner
Blome	Doreward	Hille	Parsons	Twarby
Blondell	Dormer	Hoare	Paston	Tweedye
Blount	Dove	Hobart	Pattesley	Tyndall
Blundell	Dow	Hobert	Payne	Tyrell
Boddinham	Downer	Hodgeson	Peacok	Ufford
Bohan	Draper	Holbrook	Pecke	Underhill
Boote	Draw	Holcot	Peckham	Unton
Boothe	Drayton	Holes	Peele	Upton
Borell	Driland	Holland	Pekham	Urswic
Borrow	Dryden	Holsey	Peletoot	Vass
Bosby	Dunch	Holt	Peltie	Vaughan
Bost	Duncombe	Holton	Pemberton	Vawdrey
Bostock	Dunham	Hopton	Pen	Veldon
Boston	Duredent	Horman	Penhallick	Verney
Boteler	Dusteby	Hornebolt	Pennebrygg	Vernon
Bothy	Dye	Hornley	Perchehay	Vinter
Bouldre	Dygenys	Horsey	Perot	Wade
Bourne	Dyneley	Horthall	Perryvalle	Wadham
Boville	Dynham	Horton	Petham	Wake
Bowcer	Echyngham	Hosteler	Petley	Waldegrave
Bowett	Edgar	Hotham	Pettit	Waldeley
Bownell	Edgcomb	Howard	Pettwoode	Walden
Bowthe	Edgerley	Huchenson	Peyton	Walford
Bowyar	Edwards	Huddleston	Phelip	Walkden
Bradbridge	Egerton	Hugeford	Philips	Walker
Bradshawe	Eggerley	Hunden	Playters	Wallace
Bradstane	Eglisfelde	Hungate	Plessi	Walley
Bradston	Eldysley	Hunston	Plymmyswoode	Walrond
Bramfield	Elmebrigge	Hurst	Poffe	Walsch
Brampton	Elyot	Hussey	Pole	Waltham
Branche	Elys	Hyde	Polsted	Walton
Branwhait	Emerson	Hyenson	Polton	Wanteley
Brassie	Engeham	Hylderley	Porter	Wappelode
Braunstone	Engleford	Hyll	Portyngton	Warbulton
Bray	Englysche	Inwood	Potter	Warde
Brayles	Epworth	Isley	Poulet	Wardeby
Brecknock	Erewaker	Jackmann	Pownder	Wardrieu
Bredham	Ermyn	Jackson	Pratt	Wardyworth
Brent	Ertham	James	Pray	Warner
Bret	Esmund	Janner	Prelatte	Warren
Brewse	Estbury	Jarman	Prophete	Wayte
Brewster	Estney	Jay	Prowd	Webb
Brewys	Estone	Jendring	Purlles	Weekes
Bridgeman	Etton	Jenney	Pursglove	Welbek
Briggs	Everard	Johnson	Purvoche	Welby
Brinckhurst	Everdon	Jordan	Pygott	Wellins
Brodeway	Evrenden	Joslyne	Pylet	Wenman
Brodnax	Evyngar	Joulon	Pynnoke	Wensley
Brokhill	Eyer	Jowchet	Pynty	West
Brocksby	Eyston	Kekilpenny	Quintin	Westbrook
Brome	Fabyan	Kellett	Radley	Westlake
Brook	Faldo	Kelly	Rampston	Weston
Brougham	Fane	Kemp	Ramsey	Wetherden
Broughton	Faryndon	Kent	Ratcliff	Wexcombe
Brouncker	Faylare	Keriell	Rawlyn	Whalley
Brownflet	Fayneman	Kesteven	Rawson	White
Brownyng	Felbrigg	Key	Raynsford	Whitewood
Browet	Feld	Kidwelly	Rede	Whowood
Brown	Fenton	Killigrew	Redman	Whytton
Brudenell	Ferrer	Kinge	Reeve	Whytyng
Bryan	Feversham	Knevynton	Reynes	Wightman
Bryn	Ffrewyll	Knighton	Reynesford	Wilkins
Brystowe	Fienley	Knody	Richeman	Willardsey
Bulkeley	Finch	Knoyll	Rikhill	Williams
Bulstrode	Fitzgeffrey	Knyvet	Risley	Willmer
Burgess	Fitzherbert	Kottow	Roberts	Willys
Burgh	Fitzlewis	Kydwelly	Robertson	Wilson
Burghehyll	Fitzralph	Kyllyngworth	Robins	Windham
Burgoyn	Fitzwarym	Kyrkeby	Robynson	Wingfield
Burlton	Fitzwilliyam	Kytson	Rochester	Wiseman
Burnell	Fleet	la Barre	Rochforth	Woodbrygge
Burton	Fleming	la Hale	Roland	Woode
Buryngton	Fletewoode	la Penne	Rolleston	Woodeward
Bushe	Flexney	Lacy	Rondel	Wolrond
Buslingthorpe	Flower	Laken	Ront	Wolstonton
Bushbury	Fodde	Lamber	Roper	Worsley
Butler	Fogg	Lambton	Rotheley	Wotton
Byfield	Foliot	Langeton	Rous	Wreke
Byllyng	Foljambe	Langham	Rowdon	Wrenne
Byngham	Follywolle	Langstone	Rowe	Wright
Byrde	Folon	Lappage	Rowlatt	Wulvedon
Byschoppeson	Folsham	Latham	Rowley	Wyard
Caley	Forde	Latton	Rudhall	Wyatt
Callthorp	Fortescue	Launceleyn	Rufford	Wyddowsoun
Campeden	Fortey	Lave	Ruggenale	Wyghtham
Canon	Fowler	Lawnder	Ruggeweyn	Wylcotes
Canteys	Fox	le Bone	Rusche	Wylde
Cantilupe	Francey	Leeche	Russell	Wylmot
Carbonall	Frankeleyn	Leeds	Ryall	Wymer
Cardiff	Fraunces	Lehenard	Rykeworth	Wyncall
Carew	Freer	Leigh	Rynger	Wynston
Carlyll	Freville	Leighlin	Ryppringham	Wynstryngham
Carter	Frilende	Leman	Sacheverell	Wynter
Cary	Frilleck	Lenton	Sackville	Wythinghall
Caseberde	Frogenhall	Lestrange	Sadler	Wyvil
Cassy	Fromond	Letterford	Salford	Yate
Castell	Froste	Leventhorpe	Salle	Yaxley
Castletown	Frowseloure	Leverer	Salter	Yden
Catesby	Frye	Leveson	Saltonstall	Yelverton
Cavell	Fryth	Lewys	Sampson	Yerde
Caxaton	Fulburne	Leynham	Samuell	York
Cely	Fulmer	Leynthall	Sanburne	Yornold
Chamburleyn	Funteyn	Lichefield	Sandes	Young
Champneys	Furnace	Livesey	Saunders
Chanceler	Fynderne	Lloyd	Saunterton
Chancey	Fyneux	Lockton	Savill
Chapman	Fysher	Lodyngton	Sayer

Note that if you are from Wales, Scotland, or Ireland, the name pools you draw from may be quite different, along with the common methods of forming names. A few notes may help.

Wales had its own distinctive naming practices and a largely separate name pool. The usual form of surname was a patronymic (derived from your father's given name). For a man, this is: [given name] ap [your father's given name] (such as Owein ap Griffith). For women, [given name] verch [your father's given name] (Myfanwy verch Eynon). There were also some areas of Wales that had been under English law for 100 years or more, where English names and name patterns were more common (such as Owen Tudor, King Henry VIII's grandfather -- an English-pattern name using Welsh components).

Scotland is actually divided into two rather different cultural areas. In the lowland and urban parts of Scotland, your naming practices and name pool would be very similar to the English (though with some regional differences). The common language spoken in these parts of Scotland was Scots, a version of English (or a language close to English) and not Gaelic. In fact, the Scots-speaking culture has in some ways more affinities (dress, customs, etc.) with English culture of the time than with the Gaelic culture in the Highlands.

In the Gaelic-speaking Scottish Highlands, the type of "clans" we usually think of, with fixed, inherited surnames, didn't appear until long after our period, in fact not till about the 18th century. During the reign of Elizabeth in England, by far the commonest form of surname in Gaelic-speaking areas is a patronymic. For a man, this produces a name like: [given name] mac [possessive form of your father's given name], such as Eoin mac Donnchaidh. For a woman, [given name] inghean [possessive form of your father's given name] (Dearbhorgaill inghean Dhomhnaill). Patronymics account for the overwhelming majority of the period Gaelic surnames we know or can guess at (though unfortunately, very few Gaelic names are recorded in Gaelic in Scotland).

In Ireland, also a Gaelic-speaking country, these same patronymics were used as well, and were formed in basically the same way.

However in Ireland there was also another common alternative: the clan byname. The pattern for clan bynames for men is [given name] ó [clan ancestor's given name] (Conmhaol ó Conchobhair). For women, [given name] inghean uí [clan ancestor's given name] (Siobhán inghean uí Mháille). The clan ancestor referred to would be the man, usually several generations back, after whom the clan was named.

NOTE that both Irish and Scottish Gaelic have a complex grammar that has major effects on how names are pronounced and spelled. Dictionaries and name books are generally not very helpful with this. It's a very good idea to consult someone knowledgeable about the languages (and about historic naming practices in these languages), in order to get a Welsh, Scottish or Irish name right.
 

CHOOSING A NAME FOR RENAISSANCE FAIRE

Consider the pattern of names you would expect to find in your Elizabethan village. You would probably meet many Margarets, a few Dorothys, perhaps one Maud, and probably no one named Tamara or Chastity. As twentieth-century humans, we have a natural tendency to pick a name that is "different" in order to emphasize our individuality. But Elizabethans seem instead to have chosen names that were common in their families and communities, apparently as a way of expressing their family and community ties.

This is a very different mind-set and it is worth trying to understand it. It can also be a source of some good theatrical "bits" -- Who were your godparents? Who are you named after? How many Catherines are in your guild, and how do you tell them apart? (Here's where bynames come in handy.)

Also, before you get too attached to one particular name, try your chosen first and last names on several of your friends to see how you like them, whether they're easy to say, and whether there are any obvious bad jokes on your name that you won't want to live with. (For instance, William Bates might not like being addressed as Master Bates!)
 

MAJOR SOURCES AND HELP

The names and information in this article come from several very good statistical studies of Elizabethan names.

A good (though rather dry) recent study of given names is Names and Naming Patterns in England 1538-1700, by Scott Smith-Bannister (Oxford Historical Monographs, Clarendon Press, 1997, ISBN 0-19-820663-1).

Name lists that are not from Smith-Bannister are originally from the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology's index to its brass rubbings collection at Oxford University. The compilation I've used is by Janell K. Lovelace and is available on the World Wide Web at <http://www.panix.com/~m ittle/names/arval/brasses/>.

A similar study by Brian M. Scott, titled "Late Sixteenth Century English Given Names," is available at <http://www.panix.com/~mit tle/names/talan/eng16/>.

The Academy of S. Gabriel at <http://www.s-gabriel.org/> is an excellent name resource, although Elizabethan England falls at the end of their time period. Their focus is on the best possible historical accuracy. The Academy also offers a consulting service if you have in-depth questions about a historically accurate name (they will help you with Welsh or Gaelic names, for instance), although due to their small and completely volunteer staff, a response may take several weeks.

For Scottish and Irish names, before you do anything else please read "Scottish Names 101" and "Quick and Easy Gaelic Bynames", both by Sharon Krossa, and available at <http://www.stanford.ed u/~skrossa/medievalscotland/> or through links from the S. Gabriel Website.

For Welsh names, Heather Rose Jones has written "A Simple guide to Constructing 16th Century Welsh Names in English Contexts," also available through the S. Gabriel Website.

All these authors can be contacted through S. Gabriel if you have questions about names in their specific languages and cultures. I am also greatly indebted to them for helping me with this project, although any mistakes are, of course, my own.

I'm also available to field questions about Faire names in general. My focus, like St. Gabriel's, is on historical accuracy. I can be contacted at <CLaning@igc.apc.org>.

OTHER HELPFUL BOOKS

It doesn't have much to say about naming as such, but for a detailed and fascinating discussion of Elizabethan birth, baptism, and godparents, I recommend David Cressy's Birth, Marriage and Death: Ritual, Religion and the Life Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England. (Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-19-820168-0)

If you are interested in a possible name that is not in this article, probably the best and most easily accessible standard name references that cover this period are the following. Most large libraries are likely to have them.

Withycombe, E.G., The Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press.

Reaney & Wilson, A Dictionary of English Surnames, Oxford University Press, 1995. Or the earlier edition: Reaney, P.H., A Dictionary of British Surnames, 2nd ed., Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1976. This will also tell you correct 16th-century spellings for names in this article's surname list, some of which are given in their 14th- or 15th-century forms.

Ekwall, Eilert. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-names. Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1989. A good source for anyone who wants an English surname taken from a place-name.

Copyright 1999 by Chris Laning. Unlimited reproduction of this article in print or electronic media for nonprofit educational purposes is permitted, provided it is reproduced in full including this copyright notice, and no money is charged beyond the cost of copying. All other rights reserved.

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O Chris Laning
| <CLaning@igc.apc.org>
+ "Mistress Christian Ashley," Guild of St. George, RPFN
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July 1999